Hysterosalpingography in the assessment of congenital cervical anomalies

Cervical abnormalities may be congenital or acquired. Congenital anomalies of the cervix are rarely isolated, and more commonly accompany other uterine anomalies. Various imaging tools have been used in the assessment of Müllerian duct anomalies [MDAs]. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] is the modality of choice for definitive diagnosis and classification of these MDAs. Hysterosalpingography is a basic tool for evaluation of infertility and allows us to detect a spectrum of anatomical malformations of the utero-cervix in the setting of MDAs. It provides good outlines of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes, as well as the cervical canal and isthmus. However, hysterosalpingograms [HSG] cannot be performed in patients with isolated congenital maldevelopment [agenesis/disgenesis] of the cervix. This part of pictorial review illustrates the various radiographic appearances of congenital malformations of the utero-cervix with a brief overview of the embryologic features. Accurate diagnosis of such cases is considered essential for optimal treatment and categorization of each anomaly

Hysterosalpingographic appearances of female genital tract tuberculosis: part I. fallopian tube

Female genital tuberculosis [TB] remains as a major cause of tubal obstruction leading to infertility, especially in developing countries. The global prevalence of genital tuberculosis has increased during the past two decades due to increasing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]. Genital TB is commonly asymptomatic, and it is diagnosed during infertility investigations. Despite of recent advances in imaging tools, such as computerized tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and ultrasongraphy, hysterosalpingography is still the standard screening test for evaluation of tubal infertility and a valuable tool for diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. Tuberculosis gives rise to various appearances on hysterosalpingography [HSG] from non-specific changes to specific findings. The present pictorial review illustrates and describes specific and non-specific radiographic features of female genital tuberculosis in two parts. Part I presents specific findings of tuberculosis related to tubes such as "beaded tube", "golf club tube", "pipestem tube", "cobble stone tube" and "leopard skin tube". Part II describes adverse effects of tuberculosis on structure of endometrium and radiological specific findings such as "dwarfed" uterus with lymphatic intravasation and occluded tubes, "T-shaped" tuberculosis uterus, "pseudounicornuate" uterus and "Collar-stud abscess", which have not been encountered in the majority of non-tuberculosis cases

Hysterosalpingographic appearances of female genital tract tuberculosis: part II: uterus

Female genital tuberculosis remains as a major cause of tubal obstruction leading to infertility, especially in developing countries. The global prevalence of genital tuberculosis has increased during the past two decades due to increasing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Genital tuberculosis [TB] is commonly asymptomatic and it is diagnosed during infertility investigations. Despite of recent advances in imaging tools such as computed tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and ultrasongraphy, hysterosalpingography has been considered as the standard screening test for evaluation of tubal infertility and as a valuable tool for diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. Tuberculosis gives rise to various appearances on hysterosalpingography [HSG] from non-specific changes to specific findings. The present pictorial review illustrates and describes specific and non-specific radiographic features of female genital tuberculosis in two parts. Part I presents specific findings of tuberculosis related to tubes such as "beaded tube", "golf club tube", "pipestem tube", "cobble stone tube" and the "leopard skin tube". Part II will describe adverse effects of tuberculosis on structure of endometrium and radiological specific findings, such as "T-shaped" tuberculosis uterus, "pseudo-unicornuate "uterus, "collar-stud abscess" and "dwarfed" uterus with lymphatic intravasation and occluded tubes which have not been encountered in the majority of non-tuberculosis cases

Evaluation of Intrauterine structural pathology by three-dimensional sonohysterography using an extended imaging method

Structural intrauterine abnormalities are an important cause of infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss and bleeding or pain associated with a poor reproductive outcome. Various diagnostic methods have been applied to detect these lesions such as hysterosalpingography, hysteroscopy and sonohysterography. More recently, three-dimensional extended imaging [3DXI] provides the ability to obtain sequential sections of acquired volume scans in A, B and C planes. Here, we briefly discuss the technique of saline infusion sonography, followed by a review of sonohysterographic characteristics of intracavitary pathologies with more focus on some definitions and measurements

Comparing intramuscular progesterone, vaginal progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogestrone caproate in IVF and ICSI cycle

Supplementation of luteal phase with progesterone is prescribed for women undergoing routine IVF treatment. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of three types of progesterone on biochemical, clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates and abortion and live birth rates. A prospective randomized study was performed at Royan Institute between March 2008 and March 2009 in women under 40 years old, who use GnRH analog down-regulation. One hundred eighty six patients in three groups were received progesterone in oil [100 mg, IM daily], intravaginal progesterone [400 mg, twice daily] and 17-alpha hydroxyprogestrone caproate [375mg, every three days], respectively. Final statistical analysis after withdrawal of some patients was performed in 50, 50 and 53 patients in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. No differences between the groups were found in baseline characteristics. No statistical significance different was discovered for biochemical, clinical and ongoing pregnancies. Although the abortion rate was statistically higher in group 1 [p=0.025] the live birth rate was not statistically significant between the three groups. The effects of three types of progesterone were similar on pregnancies rate. We suggest the use of intravaginal progesterone during the luteal phase in patients undergoing an IVF-ET program because of the low numbers of abortions, and high ongoing pregnancy rates

Application of 3D ultrasonography in detection of uterine abnormalities

Structural pathologies in the uterine cavity such as m_llerian duct anomalies [MDAs] and intrauterine lesions [fibroids, polyps, synechiae] may have important roles in subinfertility, implantation failure and pregnancy outcome. Various imaging modalities such as hysterosalpingography [HSG], sonography, laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are used in the evaluation of MDAs and intrauterine lesions. Recently, three-dimensional ultrasound [3DUS] has been introduced as a non-invasive, outpatient diagnostic modality. With increased spatial awareness, it is superior to other techniques used for the same purpose

Correlation between endometrial parameters in doppler sonography and success rate of implantation in assisted reproductive programs

A good blood supply towards the endometrium is usually considered to be an essential requirement for implantation. Evaluating the role of endometrial and sub-endometrial blood flows detected by color Doppler sonography at the day of embryo transfer, as a predictor of pregnancy rate during IVF/ICSI programs was our main goal in this study. Seventy three infertile patients aged <38 years with basal serum FSH level<12 mIU/ml who had less than two failed attempts of ART cycles were prospectively evaluated. The cases with more than two failed IVF cycle and uterine disorders were excluded. All procedures were performed by one expert and two good quality embryos were transferred. Vaginal power color Doppler sonography was performed at the day of embryo transfer and endometrial characteristics including endometrial vascularization, area of vascularization distribution and pulsatility index were registered. Then pregnant and non-pregnant groups were compared for ultrasonographic parameters of endometrium Pregnancy occurred in 28 patients. Mean age, duration and etiology of infertility, baseline mean FSH and estradiol level at the day of Human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG] injection, amount of drug administered, number of retrieved oocytes and embryos, also number and quality of transferred embryos in the pregnant and non-pregnant groups showed no statistically significant difference. On the other hand, none of the sonographic parameters reported in two groups indicated a statistically significant difference. Doppler ultrasonographic indices at the day of embryo transfer are not considered appropriate criteria for prediction of success rate or failure of embryo implantation

Dexamethasone as a supplement for exogenous gonadotropin to improve ovarian response of women over 35 years undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles

With aging, the ovarian reserve is decreased and that is a major contributor to poor ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of Dexamethasone on ovarian response in infertile patients aged over 35 years undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles. In this triple blind placbo-control clinical trial study, a total of 72 infertile women over age 35, undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles, referred to Royan Institute from May 2000 to May 2002 were selected. Dexamethasone co-treatment [1mgld] was started on the 21st of their preceding menstrual cycle and it was continued until oocyte aspiration. The main outcome measures were number of retrieved oocytes, number of fertilized and transferred embryos, number of used HMG, serum E2 level on HCG injection day, and pregnancy rate. There was no significant statistical difference in age, duration of infertility, Body mass index, hormonal tests, number of retrieved oocytes and transferred embryos. However, the number of used HMG was significantly lower in Dexamethasone group compared to placebo group [30.6 +/- 13.39 versus 41.64 +/- 18.34] [p<0.05]. The addition of dexamethasone 1mgld to standard long protocol decreased the number of itme used in patients over 35 years who hold known risk of low ovarian response

Effect of low-dose aspirin therapy on implantation rate in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization cycles

To determine the effect of low-dose aspirin on ovarian response, implantation and pregnancy rates in patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization [IVF] cycles. We performed a randomized analysis of 145 infertile women with a mean +/- SD age of 29.6 +/- 4.47 years who underwent cyles of IVF. Patients received 100 mg of aspirin [n=72] or placebo [n=73] daily. This study was conducted in Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran from April 2002 to January 2004. Aspirin was started on the 21st of their preceding menstrual cycle and it was continued until menstruation or a negative pregnancy test. Pregnant women received the medication until 12 weeks of pregnancy. The main outcome measures were number of follicles >/= 15mm, number of oocytes retrieved, serum E2 levels, cancellation rate, Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome [OHSS] occurrence, number of embryos transferred, and implantation and pregnancy rates. There were statistically significant differences between the treatment group and the control group in the number of follicles [7.4 +/- 4.1 versus 9.0 +/- 4.8] and OHSS occurrence [5.6% versus 23.3%] but not in the other measures. The addition of aspirin low dose [100 mg/daily] to the standard long protocol for oocyte retrieval did not improve implantation and pregnancy rates in unselected patients undergoing IVF cycles

comparative study of GnRH antagonist and GnRH agonist in PCO patients undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles

Polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS] patients are prone to premature LH surge and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome [OHSS]. Long GnRH analogue protocol and GnRH antagonist protocol are two methods utilized for induction ovulation in patients undergoing IVF/ICSI. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of GnRH agonists and antagonists in PCOS patients. A total of 60 PCOS patients under 35 years old were enrolled in this study. The patients have no history of thyroid disorder and hyperprolactinemia. All patients received OCP [LD] before starting the treatment. Then patients randomly divided into two groups. The agonist group underwent st and ard long GnRH analogue protocol. In antagonist group, HMG [150 IU/day] was started from third day of cycle. Then GnRH antagonist [0.25mg] was administered from 6th day after HMG initiation [LH /= 18mm, serum estradiol level on 6[th] day of HMG initiation and HCG injection time, fertilization and pregnancy rate between two groups. However there were significant differences regarding duration of treatment, duration of HMG usage, LH level at the initiation of HMG, OHSS rate and number of Metaphase II oocytes between two groups [p<0.05]. Usage of the GnRH antagonist may have more advantages such as the shorter duration of treatment and less gonadotrophin requirement. Furthermore, the incidence of OHSS can be reduced in GnRH antagonist comparing to agonist. For decreasing the risk of OHSS and abortion rate, we recommend long term use of OCP before starting the treatment